An insurance claims adjuster is the person who is sent by an insurance company at an insured property when the policyholder raises the claim. The claim adjuster inspects the property that has suffered losses due to any of the reasons pre-defined under the insurance policy. The motive behind such inspection is to validate the claim.
The claim adjuster usually takes details of the damaged property from the policyholder, asks questions to witnesses, if there are any, and inquires of the police and other records related to the policy.
The claim adjuster can be either a hired employee of the insurance company you're holding your policy from or an independent claim adjuster hired for that particular case.